The Importance of Sexuality in the Development of Adolescents

During adolescents, ages of 12-19, sexuality plays a significant part in development. There is much research and data about the biological features that takes place and recently more psychological impacts are being studied. According to a Cutrona and Troutman (1977), 70 to 75 percent of adolescent boys and 50-60 percent of girls have reported to having sexual intercourse by the time their high school careers have ended. How does communication affect adolescent sexuality? A study conducted by Cornell University finds that if parents maintain a positive relationship after adolescent first sexual activity is discussed, it will reduce risks associated with sex. The authors studied changes in adolescents’ relationships with their parents before and after the adolescent’s ï ¬ rst sexual initiation. The study included 13,570 participants of the main trial of The National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health and controlled for outside variables to its best abilities. It asked a series of questions that would determine closeness of the relationship. Overall the study concluded that â€Å"If parental support decreases after adolescent ï ¬ rst sexual activity, this loss of support might well place youth at risk for a downward spiral in which problem behavior increases as supports fall away† (Benda Corwyn, 1998; Benda, Corwyn, Toombs, 2001; Davies Windle, 2001; Windle, 2000) . Communication between parents and their offspring (i.e. with trustworthiness and sincerity), notShow MoreRelatedSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during900 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality and the development of a sexual selfhood is a development that can occur during adolescence. While this categorical event may be universal, how it is experienced is unique based on personal, social, and contextual reasons. This development arises from an intertwining of physiological and psychological processes and is tightly related to identity. Historically, research on sexuality has been driven by a public health agenda, which is overshadowed by moral panic and bad outcomes of adolescentRead MoreHuman Sexuality And Its Effects On Children And Young People Understand1309 Words   |  6 PagesMuch has been made of the role of human sexuality, yet little has been said about the importance of learning about human sexuality. Sex has been the same since time began, and we cannot continue to ignore the reality of what children are being exposed to. Being educated about these topics, being educated, in general is important to me. Education is what will help this world with inequalities, and so many other problems. Human sexuality has become one of the topics that have caught my attention becauseRead MoreSexuality And Its Effect On Adolescent Life1601 Words   |  7 PagesA. Introduction Understanding about sexuality is very important in maintaining healthy sexual behavior. Limited understanding about sexuality will give negative effects on young adolescent life. There are several implications that are related with low of sexuality comprehension among young adolescent (1). One of the most important implication is that risk of infected by sexual transmitted infection through a risky sexual behavior. Adolescent are considered as an innocent and curious phase of humanRead MoreSexually Transmitted Disease ( Std )939 Words   |  4 Pagesfor improvement. The importance for prevention of STD is marked by a number of different factors like high yearly increase in infected individuals, rise in healthcare cost, and long-term health care complications associated with untreated STDs. Another significant reason for the importance of STD prevention is nearly half of the new cases of infected individuals are young adults between the ages of 15-24 (U. S. Department of Health Human Services [HHS], 2015). Adolescents between the age of 15-19Read MoreHigh School Religious Context And Reports Of Same Sex Attraction And Sexual Identity1074 Words   |  5 Pagessocializing organizations in which adolescents struggle to define themselves in relation to others, primarily peers. Previous research has not directly examined how religion implanted within the educational system shapes the sexuality of emerging adults, yet religious attendance, beliefs, and affiliation play a significant roles in shaping social beliefs and behavior related to sexuality. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine how religion rootedRead MoreThe Importance Of Good Communication Between Parents And Children For Safe Sex Education Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pageswriting and studies have been made about the importance of good communication between parents and children for safe sex education however few studies explain how specifically they should do. Most parents recognize willing to communicate with their children about sexuality but really only a minority speaks directly about contraceptive methods. SLO #2 Grossman, M.J., Frye, A., Charmaraman, L. Family homework and school-based sex education: Delaying early adolescents ‘sexual behavior Sexual intercourse atRead MoreThe Future Of Sexuality Education : A Plan For All Age Levels997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Future of Sexuality Education: A Plan for All Age Levels Over the last 50 years there has been an extreme societal shift in both the moral compass and the sexual behaviors of people; especially in the United States. The attitudes that were once held are much more relaxed than ever before. This has forever changed the landscape of sexual behavior on both ends of the age spectrum. Thanks to television and the media, young people and exposed to sex at younger and your ages. Children as youngRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Safe Sex? Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pages(b)increasing the chances of becoming impregnated at a young age, and (c)missing out on opportunities and goals they  set  out  for themselves previous to these unfortunate, life changing encounters. It is imperative to educate these individuals on the importance of safe sex. The education of safe sex is an imperative and crucial step in preventing the previous consequences. STD’s and HIV Many of the school based abstinence only sex education curricula, state that sexual activity outside of marriage isRead MoreCommunication Between African American Mothers and Their Daughters1740 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American Mothers and Their Daughters Introduction A girls communication and relationship with her mother are influential to her development and well-being. Communication between mother and daughter entails sending, receiving and comprehending each other intended message. According to Belgrave (2009), majority of girls report positive relationships with their mothers. Most girls learn from their mothers. This is because mothers teach and socialize with their daughters regarding any facetRead MoreThe Biggest Influences On Young Adolescents1192 Words   |  5 Pagesbiggest influences on young adolescents’ religious and spiritual beliefs? Throughout this investigation, the question I wish to explore is â€Å"What are the biggest and more significant influences on young adolescents’ spiritual and religious beliefs?† To thoroughly investigate and answer the specific question, vast amounts of information from different sources need to be obtained. Hence, I produced a survey that primarily focuses on the factors that influence young adolescents’ religious and spiritual

Analysis of Frederick Douglas Narrative of a Slave Essay

In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, Frederick Douglass establishes for us the many factors that lead to the continual enslavement of the black race by connecting his own plight to that of other slaves as a plea for the abolition of slavery. The evil of slavery infected every master to pervert the truth to his own satisfaction and Douglass explains how slavery corrupts the humanity of both slave and master. The legal system was also not an option for slaves to turn to for help because they had no legal rights. The fear of losing friends and never being able to trust anyone again was enough to keep many back in bondage. And the lack of education left their minds dulled to any†¦show more content†¦Douglass assures us that just the opposite is the truth. From the great big house of the plantation owner all the way down to the fields where the slaves toiled, all was in harmony according to the master`s ideal. Any show of di scontent was sure to lead to a brutal whipping or other punishment because nothing was to deter from the portrait of a picture perfect institution. Douglass also emphasizes that the evil power of slavery will turn a good, kind heart, stone cold as it did with his masters wife, Mrs. Auld. She was once loving to him and wanted to educate him, and felt uncomfortable around his servility. But as time went on and she listened to her husbands demands to keep Frederick uneducated, the power she had over him turned her into a cruel master as well. Douglass believes that if a master isnt at the start cruel and mean, the power he or she has over another person will corrupt them and turn them so. The evil of slavery affects not just the slaves who suffer under its weight but it makes the slave owner cold and cruel. So slavery could not be quelled with kinder masters because in time they would become just as harsh as any other. Because slaves were classified as inferior and not quite human, the legal system judged them as less credible than their masters. In the courts, the testimony of a black witness was never equal to that of a white witness.Show MoreRelatedThe View from the Bottom Rail Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesRail   In today’s society, racism and stereotyping occur in every aspect of life. No one should ever take anything for face value before they examine it first.  In reading the narrative, â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James Davidson and Mark Lytle and â€Å"Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas† by Harold Bloom. I became very aware on how American history can be looked at as one sided or bias. Even in today’s society, there is still a lot of biasness presented in AmericanRead MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existenceRead MoreKey Arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1154 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. A few of which include inequality, education, and Christianity as the keys to freedom in terms of its true values within the institution of slavery. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his appeal for the abolition of slavery. One of the key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† as well as in other narratives about slaves is inequality. Douglass attemptsRead MoreFrederick Douglass: Literary Analysis Essays1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass: Literary Analysis† In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass explains, in great detail, how slave master would use a variety of methods to dehumanize slaves located on their plantation. These methods involved both severe physical and psychological trauma. Nevertheless, Douglass remains diligent and finds a way to resist the harsh reality of being a slave. Because of his immovable desire to acquire knowledge to his fighting encounter with MrRead MoreEnslavement Disrupted the African’s Authentic Culture Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesthem in America as slaves. As a result, their authentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native Africa to life in the plantation society of the Americas. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the conditions of enslavement disrupted all dimensions of the African’s authentic culture. To aid in my analysis, I will be using the â€Å"Reid Culture Conflict Model† as a guide and also drawing upon the works o f Olaudah Equiano, Venture Smith, Frederick Douglas, Harriet JacobsRead MoreThe Plight of The African Slave Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle Passage many slaves perished. Those who survived were sold and subjected to the harsh life on the plantations. When this happened, their authentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native homelands in Africa to life in the plantation society of the American colonies. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the enslaved Africans’ authentic culture was immensely disrupted by using the â€Å"Culture Conflict Model† as a guide. To aid in my analysis, I will be drawingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pagesracist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† simply addresses that white society was causing negativ e effects to itself and that slavery must be abolished in order to shape a better world. The depicted brutality narrated in Frederick Douglass’s autobiography starts when Douglass states that his former overseer, Mr. Plummer, â€Å"cuts and slashes the women’s heads so horriblyRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1480 Words   |  6 PagesBehind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of 19th century. With his oratorical and literacy appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the leading citizens of Rochester to be aware of theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1479 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Behind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of the 19th century. With his oratorical appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the citizens of Rochester to be aware of the hypocrisyRead MoreAn Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas757 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas In the autobiography Frederick Douglass presents a clear picture to me of a horrifying period of American history that far too few people understand. Douglass’s personal narrative as a slave lets you feel the fear of his past and allows us to experience the suffering and pain inflicted by underserved beatings and an unhealthy lifestyle with too much physical exertion. Douglass expresses very personal feelings about his history and

Identifying the Prohibition of Torture as Jus Cogens of International Law free essay sample

Identifying the prohibition of torture as jus cogens of international law’ Artan Sadiki Introduction The time when states could completely rely on their national sovereignty without being bounded erga omnes by any rule of a higher instance marked the period of classical international law. Since that time there have been a lot of progressive developments followed by the evolution of the international community that contributed to the shift from the individualistic approach towards the international law by the states, to an increased awareness for protection of the general interest of the whole community. To ensure this protection, the international community recognized the existence of jus cogens, peremptory norms of general international law, which bind all the countries without their separate consent . Even there is a debate on the issue of the lack of criteria to identify when a general rule of international law has reached the status of jus cogens , it is very well established under international law that the prohibition of torture is clearly one of those norms. While there is a low opposition to this idea by the states, some authors argue on the practice of torture by some of them that could contest the jus cogens status of the prohibition of torture. The legal arguments below will provide that the recognition of the prohibition of torture as a jus cogens is strongly supported by the states practice, treaty law, doctrine and judicial decisions. This recognition based on the legal conscience and moral values creates a more aware and responsive international community that reinforces the respect of human rights worldwide. Background Many European countries abolished torture in the late 1700s or early 1800s. Even after they abolished torture in the 1700s and 1800s, European countries returned to its use in the 1900s, often claiming state security reasons. Examples of states that used torture as a part of their state security are Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, after that the military dictatorship in Greece after World War II, France turned to torture in Algeria in the 1950s, and the United Kingdom used it at various points in Ireland. Being widely practiced throughout history, torture was one of the main characteristics of the awful abuses of the Second World War. After the war, in 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations included the prohibition against torture in the milestone Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration was followed by many international conventions prohibiting official use of torture in war and peace as the four Geneva Conventions, UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights. All of these international and regional conventions raised the prohibition of torture in a universally respected treaty norm of international law. During the 80s there was substantial evidence that the prohibition of torture also constituted a norm of international customary law . Nowadays, torture is absolutely prohibited under international law and is qualified as obligation erga omnes from which no derogation is allowed. How to determine jus cogens status of prohibition of torture The doctrine acknowledges that sufficient legal basis exists to identify which norms are jus cogens. This legal basis consists of the following: (1) opinio juris, the recognition that these crimes are assumed part of general customary law; (2) language in preambles or other provisions of treaties applicable to these crimes which indicates these crimes’ higher status in international law; (3) the large number of states which have ratified treaties related to these crimes; and (4) the ad hoc international investigations and prosecutions of perpetrators of these crimes. Analyzing the prohibition of torture under these legal bases brings to the inevitable conclusion that it is one of the crimes that has gained the status of jus cogens. Acknowledgement of the jus cogens status of the prohibition of torture is universal. States have made great efforts to articulate their categorical rejection of practice of torture by official authorities. According to the 1999 Initial Report of the United States to the U. N. Committee against Torture, in the United States, the use of torture is categorically denounced as a matter of policy and as a tool of state authority†¦No official of the government, federal, state or local, civilian or military, is authorized to commit or to instruct anyone else to commit torture. Nor may any official condone or tolerate torture in any form†¦Every act of torture within the meaning of the [Convention against Torture] is illegal under existing federal and state law, and any individual who commits such an act is subject to penal sanctions as specified in criminal statutes. A strong convincement can also be read in the words of the Special Rapporteur on Torture on his first report to UNHCR in 1986 â€Å"Torture is now absolutely and without any reservation prohibited under international law whether in time of peace or of war. In all human rights instruments the prohibition of torture belongs to the group of rights from which no derogation can be made†. T he amount of international and regional conventions prohibiting torture is extensive, but yet another aspect important for the universality of the recognition of this prohibition is the number of states that have ratified them. Apart from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is ratified by 153 countries, including the United States in 1992 and the Convention against Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is ratified by 136 countries, including the United States in 1994. The language used in the conventions prohibiting torture indicates the high status of this norm in the international law. The preamble of the Convention against Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment recalls on the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations. This reference to the Charter of the most universal international organization implies a high responsibility of the international community regarding the prohibition of torture. Further more the Convention not only that requests restrain from the countries regarding the practice of torture but also sets up obligation for them to take legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in their territory. The case law confirming the jus cogens status of the prohibition of torture is very rich in these days. One of those first cases was Siderman de Blake v Republic of Argentina where the court referring to jurisprudence and treaty law ruled that the prohibition of torture, different from the Filartiga v. Pena-Irala case confirming that torture was prohibited under customary international law, has already gained the jus cogens status. Later the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia stated in the case Prosecutor v. Furundzija that the prohibition of torture is a jus cogens. The court stated that every State is entitled to investigate, prosecute and punish or extradite individuals accused of torture, whowhich are present in a territory under its jurisdiction. The rationing for this is that the torturer has become, like the pirate and the slave trader before him, hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind. Similarly in the court held in Prosecutor v Kunarac that: â€Å"Torture is prohibited both in times of peace and during an armed conflict. The prohibition can be said to constitute a norm of jus cogens†. The same status of the prohibition of torture was also recognised by Your Lordships’ House in R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate and others, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte where Chile acknowledged that the prohibition of torture had jus cogens status. Similar opinion was expressed in Jones v Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia by The Lords of the Appeal, giving an extensive evidence of the widespread acceptance of jus cogens status of the prohibition of torture in treaty law, customary international law and case law, confirm the same status of the prohibition of torture. Another approach to determining the jus cogens status of the norms of general international law is the one that the International Law Commission held it is not the form of a general rule of international law but the particular nature of the subject-matter with which it deals that may, in the opinion of the Commission, give it the character of jus cogens. Even this approach grants the prohibition of torture a jus cogens status when we take into consideration factors that determine the nature of this subject–matter that derives from the importance and attention that the international community dedicates to it. As mentioned above the number of the conventions and instruments, universality of recognition and case law prove the crucial importance of this matter of general interest for the international community. The prohibition of torture should be considered having a wide scope All the relevant sources of the international law and the approaches for determining the jus cogens are very explicit in pointing towards the prohibition of torture as having the status of one of those norms. Having that clear, there is another dilemma that nowadays the international community faces, and that is the scope of acts the prohibition of torture covers. Weather coercive interrogation, apart from the one that is inhuman and degrading, a distinction from torture that can be made in theory but almost impossible to be made in practice, falls into the scope of jus cogens prohibition of torture. One great example of that is weather sleep deprivation is torture. While, there are authors that would even argue that in exceptional cases of immanent risk for lives of citizens, application of some form of physical methods that amount to torture should be allowed. Responding to that, the prohibition of torture as a jus cogens has not only a actual effect, it rather has a long-term preventive goal too, and in that sense when there is not any clear way to manage coercive interrogation institutionally so that it does not degenerate into torture , it becomes more than clear that the ban expands to a wide scope of practices that can always pose a risk to the human rights protected by this prohibition. While theoretically it may be still argued otherwise and different conclusions can be made, the prohibition of torture remains a practical universal ban on any attack or risk to human rights protected. Conclusion The prohibition of torture incorporates two important dimensions, the physical and psychological protection of every human being that relates this norm with the very fundamental right to life. This fundamental nature of the prohibition of torture raises it to very top of the interests of the international community which has made a lot of efforts for universalization of this norm. Giving it the status of jus cogens, the international community has ensured that the law that governs it provides for a lot of support through the treaties, customary law, cases and doctrine for this status of it. Having that sufficient support by the international law, the jus cogens status of the prohibition of torture will ensure that the acts of torture, wherever they occur, will not go unpunished.